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    铸铁件无冒口工艺(yì),如何优化生产?

    发布时间: 2020-01-13 来源:洛阳公司成立以来,重视企业文化。以“真诚”为核心理念,以“客户信得过、自身干得实、员工留得住”的经营理念,始终坚持以“重质量为本、应民生所需、解顾客之忧”的服务宗旨,探索实践“走在前列、屡创新篇,干在实处、永无止境”的企业战略。和顺祥(xiáng)机械有限公(gōng)司(sī) 点击:983

    铸(zhù)铁件无冒口(kǒu)工艺,如何优化生(shēng)产?

    image.png

    由球墨(mò)铸(zhù)铁(tiě)的凝固(gù)特(tè)点认为(wéi)球(qiú)铁件易于(yú)出现缩(suō)孔缩松缺陷,因(yīn)而其实现无冒口(kǒu)铸造较为困难。阐(chǎn)述了实现球(qiú)铁件(jiàn)无冒口铸造工艺所应具备的铁(tiě)液成(chéng)份、浇(jiāo)注温度、冷铁工(gōng)艺(yì)、铸型(xíng)强度和刚度、孕育处理(lǐ)、铁液过(guò)滤和(hé)铸件模数等条件,用大模数铸件和小模数铸件(jiàn)铸造(zào)工(gōng)艺实例佐证(zhèng)了自己的(de)观(guān)点。

    1、球(qiú)墨铸铁的凝固特点

    球墨(mò)铸铁与(yǔ)灰铸铁的凝固方式不同是(shì)由球墨与片墨生长方式不同而造成的(de)。

    在(zài)亚共晶(jīng)灰铁中石墨在初生奥(ào)氏体的边缘开始析出后,石墨片的两侧处在奥氏(shì)体的包围下从奥氏体中吸收(shōu)石墨而变厚,石墨片的先(xiān)端在液体中吸收石墨而生长。

    在(zài)球墨(mò)铸铁(tiě)中,由(yóu)于石墨呈球状,石墨球析出(chū)后就(jiù)开始向周围吸收石(shí)墨,周(zhōu)围的(de)液体因为(wéi)w(C)量降低而变为固态的奥氏体并且将石墨球包围;由于石墨球(qiú)处(chù)在奥氏体的包围(wéi)中,从奥氏体中(zhōng)只能吸收的碳较为有限,而(ér)液(yè)体中的(de)碳(tàn)通过固体向石墨球扩散(sàn)的(de)速度很(hěn)慢,被奥氏体包围又***了它的长大;所以,即使(shǐ)球墨铸铁(tiě)的碳当量比灰铸(zhù)铁高很(hěn)多,球铁的石墨化却比(bǐ)较困难,因而也就没有足够的石墨化膨胀来抵消(xiāo)凝固收缩;因此(cǐ),球墨铸铁(tiě)容易产生缩孔。

    另外(wài),包裹(guǒ)石墨球的奥(ào)氏体层厚(hòu)度一般是(shì)石(shí)墨球径的1.4倍,也就是说石墨(mò)球越大奥氏体层越厚,液体中的碳通过奥(ào)氏体转移至石墨球的难度也越(yuè)大。

    低(dī)硅(guī)球墨铸铁容易产生白(bái)口(kǒu)的根(gēn)本(běn)原因也在于球(qiú)墨铸铁的凝固方式。如上(shàng)所述(shù),由于球(qiú)墨(mò)铸铁石(shí)墨化困难,没有(yǒu)足够的由石墨(mò)化产(chǎn)生的结晶潜热向铸型内释放而增大了过冷度,石墨来不及(jí)析(xī)出就形成了渗碳体。此外,球墨铸铁孕育衰退快(kuài),也是极易发生(shēng)过冷的(de)因素之一。

    2.球(qiú)墨铸铁无冒口铸造的条件

    从球墨(mò)铸铁的凝固特(tè)点不难看出,球(qiú)墨铸(zhù)铁件要(yào)实现无冒口铸造的难度较大。笔者根据自己多年的生(shēng)产实践经(jīng)验,对(duì)球(qiú)墨(mò)铸铁实现无冒口铸造工艺所需具备的条件作(zuò)了一些归纳(nà)总结(jié),在此与同行(háng)分享。

    2.1铁液成分的选择

    (1)碳当量(liàng)(CE)

    在同等条件下,微小的石墨在铁液(yè)中容易溶解并且不容(róng)易生(shēng)长;随着(zhe)石墨长大,石墨的生长速度也变快,所以使铁液在(zài)共晶前就(jiù)产生初生石(shí)墨(mò)对促进共晶(jīng)凝固石墨化是非常(cháng)有利的(de)。过共晶成分的(de)铁液就能满(mǎn)足这样(yàng)的条件,但过高的CE值使石墨在共晶凝(níng)固前就长大(dà),长大到(dào)一定尺寸时(shí)石墨开始上浮,产(chǎn)生石墨漂浮缺陷。这(zhè)时,由石墨化引起的体积膨(péng)胀只会(huì)造成铁液(yè)液(yè)面上升,不但对铸件的补缩毫无意(yì)义(yì),而(ér)且(qiě)由(yóu)于石墨在(zài)液态时吸收(shōu)了大量的碳,反而造成(chéng)在共晶凝固(gù)时铁液中的w(C)量低不能产生足(zú)够的共晶石墨,也就不能抵消(xiāo)由于共晶凝(níng)固造成的收缩。实践证明,能够将CE值(zhí)控制在4.30%~4.50%是***理想的。

    (2)硅(Si)

    一般(bān)认为在Fe-C-Si系合金中(zhōng), Si是石(shí)墨化(huà)元(yuán)素,w(Si)量高有利于(yú)石墨化膨胀,能够减少(shǎo)缩孔的发生(shēng)。很少(shǎo)有人知道(dào),Si是阻(zǔ)碍共晶凝固石墨化的(de)。所(suǒ)以,不论从补缩的角度考虑(lǜ),还是从(cóng)防止碎块状石墨产(chǎn)生的角度考虑,只(zhī)要(yào)能通过强化孕育等措施防(fáng)止白口产生,都要尽可能地降低w(Si)量。

    (3)碳(tàn)(C)

    在合理的CE值条件下,尽可(kě)能提高w(C)量。事实证(zhèng)明球墨铸铁的(de)w(C)量控(kòng)制在(zài)3.60%~3.70%,铸件具有***小的收缩率。

    (4)硫(S)

    S是阻碍石墨球化的(de)主要元(yuán)素,球化处理(lǐ)的主要目的就是脱S,但球墨铸铁孕育衰退快与(yǔ)w(S)量太低有直接关系(xì);所以,适当(dāng)的(de)w(S)量(liàng)是必要的。可以(yǐ)将w(S)量控(kòng)制在0.015%左右(yòu),利用MgS的成核作(zuò)用增加石墨核心质点以增加石墨(mò)球数,减少衰退。

    (5)镁(Mg)

    Mg也是阻碍(ài)石(shí)墨化的元素(sù),所以在保证球化率能(néng)够达到90%以上的前(qián)提下,Mg应(yīng)尽可(kě)能(néng)低。在原铁液w(O)、w(S)量不高的条件(jiàn)下(xià),残留w(Mg)量能够控(kòng)制在0.03%~0.04%是***理想(xiǎng)的(de)。

    (6)其他元素

    Mn、P、Cr等所有阻碍石墨化的元素越低越好。

    要注意微量元素(sù)的影响,如Ti。当w(Ti)量低时(shí),是强力(lì)促(cù)进石(shí)墨化元(yuán)素,同时Ti又是碳化物形成元素,又是影响球(qiú)化促进蠕虫状石墨(mò)产生的元素,所(suǒ)以w(Ti)量控制得越低越好。笔者公司曾经有(yǒu)一个非常成熟的(de)无冒(mào)口铸造工艺,由(yóu)于一时原材料短缺而(ér)使用(yòng)了w(Ti)量为0.1%的生铁(tiě),生产出的(de)铸件(jiàn)不(bú)但表面有缩陷,加(jiā)工后内部(bù)也出现了(le)集中型缩(suō)孔。

    总之,纯(chún)净原材(cái)料(liào)对提高球墨铸铁的自补缩能力(lì)是有(yǒu)利的。

    2.2浇注温度

    有实(shí)验表(biǎo)明,球墨铸铁的浇注温度从1350℃到(dào)1500℃对铸(zhù)件收缩(suō)的体积没有明显的影(yǐng)响,只不过缩(suō)孔的形(xíng)态从集中型逐渐向分散型过度。石墨球的尺寸也(yě)随着浇(jiāo)注温度的升高逐渐变大,石墨(mò)球(qiú)的数量(liàng)逐渐减少。所以没有必要苛求过低(dī)的浇注(zhù)温度,只要铸型强(qiáng)度足(zú)够抵抗铁(tiě)液(yè)的(de)静压力,浇注(zhù)温度(dù)可以(yǐ)高一些。通过铁液(yè)加热铸型减少共(gòng)晶凝固时(shí)的过冷(lěng)度(dù),使石墨化有充足的时间进行。不过(guò),浇(jiāo)注速度要(yào)尽可能地快,以尽量减(jiǎn)少型内铁液的温(wēn)度(dù)差。

    2.3冷铁

    根据(jù)笔者(zhě)使用冷铁的经验及利用(yòng)以上理论分析,冷铁能够消除缩孔缺陷的说法并不确(què)切。一方面,局部使用冷铁(如打孔部位),只能使缩(suō)孔(kǒng)转移而不是消除(chú)缩(suō)孔;另一(yī)方面,大面积地使(shǐ)用冷铁而获得了减少补(bǔ)缩或无冒口的(de)效果(guǒ),只(zhī)是无意识地增加了铸(zhù)型强度而不是冷铁减少了液体或共晶凝固收缩。事实上,如(rú)果冷铁使用过多(duō),影响了(le)石墨球的长(zhǎng)大及石墨化的(de)程度,相反会加剧收缩。

    2.4铸型强度(dù)和刚度

    由于(yú)球铁大都选择(zé)共晶或(huò)过共(gòng)晶成分,铁液在铸型中冷却至共晶温度所经过的时间较长,也就(jiù)是铸型所承受的铁液静压力的时间要比亚共晶(jīng)成分的(de)灰铸铁(tiě)要长,铸型也就更容易产(chǎn)生压缩性变(biàn)形。当石墨化(huà)膨胀引(yǐn)起的(de)体积增加不(bú)能抵消(xiāo)液体收(shōu)缩(suō)+凝固收缩+铸型变形(xíng)体积时,产生缩孔也就在所难免。所以(yǐ),足够的铸型刚度及抗(kàng)压强度是实现无冒口(kǒu)铸(zhù)造的重要条件,有许多覆砂铁型铸造工(gōng)艺(yì)实现无冒口(kǒu)铸造既是这一(yī)理论的证(zhèng)明。

    2.5孕育处理

    强效孕育剂及瞬(shùn)时延(yán)后孕育工艺既(jì)能给予铁(tiě)液(yè)大量的核心质点,又能防(fáng)止(zhǐ)孕育衰退,能够保(bǎo)证球墨铸铁(tiě)在共晶(jīng)凝固时(shí)有足够的石墨(mò)球数;多而(ér)小的石墨球减少了液体中的C向石墨核心转移的距(jù)离,加快(kuài)了(le)石墨化速度,短时内(nèi)大(dà)量的共晶凝固又(yòu)能释放出较(jiào)多的结晶潜热,减少(shǎo)了过冷度,既能防止白口的产生,又能(néng)加强石墨化(huà)膨胀。因而。强效孕育对提高球墨铸(zhù)铁的自补缩(suō)能力至关重(chóng)要(yào)。

    2.6铁液(yè)过滤

    铁(tiě)液经过过(guò)滤,滤除了(le)部分氧化夹杂,使铁液的微(wēi)观流动性增强,可以降低微观缩孔的产生几率。

    2.7铸(zhù)件模数

    由于铸态珠光(guāng)体(tǐ)球铁需要加入阻碍石墨化的(de)元素,这会影响石墨(mò)化程(chéng)度,对(duì)铸件实现自(zì)补(bǔ)缩目(mù)的有(yǒu)一(yī)定影响,所(suǒ)以有资料介(jiè)绍,无冒口铸(zhù)造适(shì)用于牌号在QT500以下的球墨铸铁。除此(cǐ)之(zhī)外,由铸件的形状尺(chǐ)寸所(suǒ)决定(dìng)的(de)模数应在3.1cm以上。

    值(zhí)得(dé)注意的是,厚度<50mm的板类铸件实现无冒口铸造是困难的。

    也有资料介(jiè)绍,对(duì)QT500以上的(de)球墨铸铁实现无冒(mào)口铸造工艺的条件是其模数应大于(yú)3.6cm。

    3.应用实例介绍

    3.1大模数铸件无冒口(kǒu)铸造工艺实例

    材料牌号为(wéi)GGG70的风电增速器行(háng)星支架铸(zhù)件,重量为3300kg,轮廓尺寸为(wéi)φ1260×1220mm,铸(zhù)件模数约为5.0cm。铸(zhù)件成分为:w(C)3.62%;w(Si)2.15%;w(Mn)0.25%;w(P)0.035%;w(S)0.012%;w(Mg)0.036%;w(Cu)0.98%。浇注温度为1370~1380℃

    考虑到铁(tiě)液对铸型下(xià)部的压力较(jiào)大(dà),容易使铸型下部产生压(yā)缩变形,所以客户推荐将冷铁主(zhǔ)要集中放置在下部(如图1)。根据以往的经(jīng)验,开始试制时,我(wǒ)们决定(dìng)使用(yòng)无冒口铸(zhù)造工艺,也就是图1去掉冒口的工艺。虽然客户请***人员对所试制(zhì)铸(zhù)件做超声探伤并未发现有内(nèi)部(bù)缺(quē)陷,解(jiě)剖结果也(yě)未(wèi)发现缩孔缺陷。但对照其它(tā)相关资料(liào)及客户提供的参考工艺,我们对这(zhè)么(me)重要的铸件批量生产(chǎn)后一(yī)旦发生缩孔缺陷的后果甚为担心,所以对图(tú)1工(gōng)艺进行了凝(níng)固模拟试验,模拟(nǐ)结果如图(tú)2。

    image.png

    图1 推荐的冒口补(bǔ)缩工艺

    image.png

    图(tú)2 根据图1工艺的模拟结果

    从模拟结果可(kě)见,液态收(shōu)缩已(yǐ)经(jīng)将(jiāng)包(bāo)括内部的(de)3个(gè)Φ140×170mm圆形(xíng)发热保温冒口(kǒu)及(jí)外(wài)侧的3个320×200×320mm腰圆形发热保温冒口内的铁液全(quán)部(bù)用尽;因而,我(wǒ)们在原有320×200×320mm发热保(bǎo)温(wēn)冒口的上(shàng)面再加上1个同等大小的冒口(kǒu),即将冒口尺寸改为320×200×640mm。但(dàn)是,浇铸后(hòu)的结(jié)果却是所有冒口一点收缩的痕迹也没(méi)有,从而证实了(le)这(zhè)个铸(zhù)件完全可以实现无冒口铸造。

    3.2小模数铸件(jiàn)有冒口铸造实例(lì)

    图3所示的蜂窝板材料牌号为QT500-7,长×宽×高尺寸为1 230×860×32 mm,铸(zhù)件模数M=3.2/2=1.6 cm。

    image.png

    图3 蜂窝板毛坯图

    此铸(zhù)件模数远小于3.1cm,显然不适用(yòng)于(yú)无冒口铸造工艺,但试制时为了提高(gāo)工艺出品率(lǜ),采用了立浇雨(yǔ)淋式浇口(图(tú)4),原意是想使铸件(jiàn)在凝固时产生自上而下的温度梯度,以利用横浇(jiāo)口补缩,但结(jié)果(guǒ)却(què)是(shì)在铸(zhù)件(jiàn)的中间(jiān)部位加(jiā)工(gōng)后产生(shēng)了大面积连通性缩孔(图(tú)4中双点划线处)。试制4件无一(yī)件成品(pǐn)。

    image.png

    图4 试制工艺方案示意图

    于是,我(wǒ)们改变思路,制(zhì)定了如(rú)图5所示的卧浇、冷铁(tiě)加冒口工艺。用冷铁(tiě)将铸件分割成(chéng)9部分(fèn),每(měi)部(bù)分的(de)中央放(fàng)置冒口。改进后的工艺(yì)出品率大于75%,产品质量(liàng)稳定(dìng),废品(pǐn)率在2.0%以(yǐ)下(xià),由(yóu)于原材料(liào)和工(gōng)艺都较稳(wěn)定,加工后几乎没有(yǒu)废品。

    image.png

    图5 改进后的成熟工(gōng)艺